1 · pronunciation#

vowel, consonant;

vowel, not block the flow of air; consonant, block the flow of air, at least partially;

1.1 · phonemic chart#

vowels: monophthongs, diphthongs; consonants:

chart
monophthongs: left-> right, lipswid -> lips round; top -> bottom, jaw closed -> jar open; consonants: first two rows are paired; above, voiceless, below, voiced;

vowels: ɑ: i: u: ɜ: ɔ: ʌ I ʊ ə ɒ æ e

aɪ ** ** eɪ ɔɪ ** ɪə ʊə eə ** aʊ ** ** əʊ **

consonants: p f t θ ʧ s ʃ k b v d ð ʤ z ʒ g

h m n ŋ r l w j

1.2 · human speech system#

airflow, speech sounds, pronunciation;

1.2.1 · airflow#

lungs -> voice box(vibrated) -> vocal tract(声道，控制调整airflow).

1.2.2 · speech sounds#

vowel, cosonants.

1.2.3 · pronunciation#

syllables: one vowel sound with or without surrounding consonant sounds. v, vc, cv, cvc.

words: formed from one or more syllables.

1.3 · word stress#

syllables

word stress: we say one syllable very loudly and all the other syllables very quietly.

listen for the STRESSED syllables, not the weak syllables.

why: If you do not hear a word clearly, you can still understand the word because of the position of the stress.

where do I put Word Stress? Just before or just after the stressed syllable. (different dictionary use different system)

rules:

1. One word, one stress.
2. The stress is alway on a voewl.

A. Stress on first syllable: Most 2-syllable nouns/adjectives B. Stress on last syllable: Most 2-syllable verbs C. Stress on penultimate(second from end) syllable: words ending in -ic / -sion / -tion D. Stress on ante-penultimate(thied from end) syllable: words ending in -cy / -ty / -phy / -gy / -al E. compound words(words with two parts): nouns, on the 1st part; adjectives, the 2nd part; verbs, the 2nd part;

1.4 · sentence stress#

gives English its rhythm or ‘beat’.

Sentence stress is accent on ‘certain words’ within a sentence.

two basic types of words_:

1. content words: carry the meaning or sense of the real content.
2. structure words: not very important, make the sentence correct grammarically, small and simple.

The time between each stressed word is the same. slowly or quickly.

1.5 · linking#

join or link words to each other in a sentence.

types:

1. consonant — vowel: we link words ending with a consonant sound to words beginning with a vowel sound.
2. voewl — vowel: we link words ending with a voewl sound to words beginning with a vowel sound.

linking consonant to vowel: we often movw the consonant sound to the beginning of the next word if it starts with a vowel sound. turn off -> tur-noff.

linking vowel to vowel: when one word ends with a vowel sound and the next word begins with a vowel sound, we link the words with a sort of Y or W sound. It depends on the shape of our mouth at the end of the first word. When the first word ends in an a,e,i vowel sound, then we insert a Y sound at the beginning of the next word. When the first word ends in an o,u vowel sound, then we insert a W sound at the beginning of the next word.

1.6 · homophones#

sounds same but do not mean the same.

1.7 · minimal pairs#

A minimal pair is two words that vary by only a single sound, usually meaning sounds that may confuse English learners.

1.8 · a an#

a, consonant an, vowel

1.9 · how to pronunce -en#

/Id/ /t/ /d/

/t/ /d/ -> /Id/ unvoiced(/p/ /f/ /s/ /ʃ/ /ʧ/ /k/) -> /t/ voiced, all other sounds -> /d/

exceptions: The following -ed words used as adjectives are pronunced with /Id/: aged, dogged, ragged. blessed, learned, wicked, crooked, naked, wertched.

1.10 · how to pronunce the#

Normally, ðə, but when the comes before a vowel sound, ði: .

1.11 · 8 ways to sound more like an American when you speak English#

1. says says: sez
2. would, should, could The L is silent.
3. salmon The L is silent.
4. thumd, tomb, comb The B is silent.
5. “schwa” words Uhhhh
6. t+y When one word ends with T and the next word starts with Y, American will often run the words together, make a CH sound.
7. d+y it turns into a J sound.
8. drop some syllables

https://pronunciationwithemma.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/ipa-chart.pdf VOWEL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jORgKrANiMw DIPHTHONGS: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HdXCF8KHSMQ CONSONANT: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nI9BL4AB5Y0

https://www.phonemicchart.com

https://www.englishspeechservices.com/blog/british-vowels/ https://www.oxfordsinginglessons.co.uk/vowel-sounds-and-mouth-positions/ https://www.speechactive.com/english-vowels-ipa-international-phonetic-alphabet/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet#/media/File:IPA_chart_2020.svg